托福写作必备：把握写作结构

新托福写作中的结构是影响整篇文章得分非常重要的一个因素，甚至可以说是一篇作文的门面，本文为大家整理了新托福考试写作结构把握的内容，希望对同学们有所帮助。

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新托福写作：把握好结构会加分

应对国外考试作文，尤其是托福的写作，最简单，看似最cliché，但同时也是最经典的，就是“五段论”的结构。简而话之，就是“总分总”的结构。因为其的有用，所以常用，所以经典。而具体经典在何处并如何使用，是下文要仔细讲解的。

英文的考场的作文，尤为讲究开门见山的方式，如果不在第一段就亮出自己的立场，而在开头云里雾里虚无缥缈，这是在给改卷考官制造理解文章的障碍，极不可取。因此，首先，在开头的最后一句话结束前一定要有表达自己观点的句子出现。并且，开头的前一两句可以准备自己常用的模板句。最好是自己总结的，可以参照不同的来源的模板，但一定要自己改编、结合，从而有自己的一个套路。这样可以防止被判雷同，否则背得再漂亮的句子也白搭。尽量让每次练习文章时把题目往上套，让开头华丽些，起到吸引人往下读的效果。同时也要保证开头没有任何的语法错误，至少在自己看来是没有一点瑕疵的。因此对于开头的检查次数至少是全文的+1遍，保证这个门面没有问题。这对于后面的具体展开是个很好的铺垫，并且会让考官的印象分很高。

在正文的部分，三段是要保证的。也就是三个分论点。这里注意一个原则：可以“一点多段”，但不可“一段多点”。也就是在一个论点写完前不要引入新的论点。如果结束了就换段，保证一段的中心只有一个。如果对于一个点的论述很长，可以分成两段。另外，为什么要有三个论点?这是从文章的充实度来考虑的。托福写作可以完全不用例子，而采用全篇的议论。所以如果有三个论点会让文章看起来很平衡，能撑住整篇文章。两个太少，需要用足够的论述或是加例子才能使文章字数达到350以上;而四个论点又太多，没有足够的时间来充实每一点的话，只会一笔带过第四个点，从而会因为“论点发展不完全”而成为扣分点。这对文章来说，是致命的地雷。所以三个点很是必需。

其实有心人会发现，托福出题者本身也对三论点形式有所倾向。在写作的另一个部分——综合写作中，不论是其中的阅读还是听力，也必定提供三个理由，也就是三论点架构。由此可见，独立写作中套用三论点架构必是安全可取，甚至讨巧的结构。同时，在这三段的开头一定要有明显的连接词，如“first of all, in addition, moreover”等词来引出每一段，提示会有新的论点出现。这样的套语或是套句也都可以事先准备，每次套用。

最后是起总结作用的结尾。到了这个部分，很多考生往往时间相对来说紧张，所以也要求在平时练习的时候结尾的套句一定要准备，并且不难准备。只要再次点到全文的大观点就行，当然决不能照抄开头表达立场的那一句，完全重复一定扣分，又是地雷一枚。应该以不同的方式讲同一个话题，这也是我们常说的贯彻托福考试始终的同义替换问题。

因此，如此下来，五段论的结构不难做到，并且各段作用明显的话对整篇文章来说本身就是一个亮点。改卷考官一般看到如此清晰的结构印象分就高了，如果论点不离题，语言不犯太大错误，20+的分数一定有;而如果语言句式再出彩一些的话，25+不成问题。曾经有我的学生照此结构练习，并且每篇都套上几乎一样的开头结尾连接词，最后写作部分拿到了29分，虽然其他部分分数并不太高。并且笔者也曾在新托福考试中就用此结构拿到29分，再次实地验证其得分效率。由此可见，写作部分要想有成绩的飞跃，其实要求并不高，而投入产出率一定高。只要花一定的时间做针对性的练习，就一定会有提高。

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托福写作，结构规划很重要

新托福写作的文章规划主要指的是文章的整体框架结构上的规划，也就是写提纲。写提纲是为了帮助大家确定并理清自己的思维，在写整个文章的时候有充足而具体的内容。下面小编带大家看看怎样对新托福写作进行结构规划。

由于考场上时间有限，考生必须在平时练就快速构思的本领，以便到考场上能迅速调动自己的思维，规划文章结构。通常情况下，我们给大家推荐五段三点式文章结构。即Introduction 一段，Body三段， 和Conclusion一段。一般第一段会用2-4句话陈述自己的观点，大约60字左右。第2到4段从三个方面论述自己的观点，每段约100字。结尾段用 1-3句话总结自己的观点，大约40个字。那么如何具体规划每一个段落呢？

开头段

开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织，即背景法(Background)、 争议法(Controversy)、提问法(Question)、故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。

以背景法为例。背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景或者是由远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。背景法开头段的结构通常如下：背景(1-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。以独立写作试题为例：Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题---科技。这样，我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始：Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient.第一句话就是一句紧贴社会的背景，这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦点，还能引起考官的共鸣。

中间段落

中间段落的文章结构通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平时能熟练运用这样的一个结构来展开作文，那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来帮助自己抓住每一分。中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。

Transitional words主要有以下三种，即表顺序：firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least)；表并列：besides, in addition；表对比：in contrast, in comparison。这些衔接词会让文章看起来脉络清晰，组织严密，也就做到了评分标准中的“well-organized”一条。

主题句，顾名思义，向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。通常主题句应该注意一下几点：

1.主题句必须是陈述句。有的考生想在写作中创新，于是采用反问句或者其他看似多样化的题目，然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象，很自然地会影响到分数。

2.必须表明观点。如果考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上，很显然无法表明自身观点。比如像“今天是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点；然而 “今天是个好天气”就包含一种感情色彩在里面，给人一种立场明确的感觉。考生应该切记：没有反驳余地的就不可以作为主题句。

3.态度必须坚决。但是不能极端。

4.每段必须有主题句，理论上讲没有主题句是可以的，但是考场上不可以，没有主题就会浪费考官的时间去帮你总结主题，然而繁忙的考官是不会那么善良地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。

至于中间段落的展开(development)则需要大家学习积累一些常用的段落展开方法，比如举例法、比较法、因果法等。

结尾

文章结尾段落虽然并不像开头和中间段落那样重要，然而没有结尾的文章是不完整的，不符合基本写作要求。所以考生在考场上一定要在结尾处再次声明自己观点(restatement)， 或者提出新的希望，或者提出解决问题的方案，从而让考官有一种善始善终的良好印象。如果考生能做到以上几点，那么我们的作文构思就是比较成功了。

以上就是对新托福写作进行规划的技巧，想要在托福考试当中写出优秀的文章，就需要考虑周全才能开始。文章的思维逻辑至关重要，大家一定要理清思路。最后希望大家都能够取得理想的成绩。

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托福写作高分需要注意文章结构

在托福高分文章中，考生可以发现，他们的文章结构都是非常的对仗的。这也是考生经常会忽略的一个部分。

在托福考试的官方指南中明确提到，出题方希望考生能够在开始作文前，重读阅读文章并通过和听力笔记的对比，完成一份简单的提纲性材料。(Before you start writing, briefly reread the passage, consult your notes, and make a very brief outline of the points you wish to make.)

因此，我们很清楚的能够看出，出题方对于考生提出的第一个最基本的要求是希望考生能够给出的是一篇结构清晰和合理的作文，而这一点在之后的范文分析上能够更清楚的得到肯定，在“指南”所给出的五分范文的评价中，很明确的表示了对于工整和清晰的文章结构的赞赏。(The writer is very specific and has organized his points so that they are parallel with one another: in each of the supporting paragraphs, the lecturer’s observation of what really happened is given first, then explicitly connected to a theoretical point from the reading.)

不少考生对这种对仗式的文章嗤之以鼻，不以为然，认为这种“八股”文章没有任何新意，没有特点。但是恰恰是文章结构则在托福考官眼中明确的体现了考生思路的清晰，所以才会得到高分。

考生如果想在托福写作中的到高分，那么就不要注意文章的结构是完整，清晰。这对写作者有一定的功底要求，但同时也是训练自己逻辑思维能力的重要方式。

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托福写作评判标准之文章结构

考生如果在考前对写作的提问方式多做一些研究，就会发现他们都是有一定的规律的，考官比较喜欢靠结构安排这样的文章结构。

新托福独立写作一共有3个评分标准：如何展开论点，如何组织结构以及如何运用语言表达观点。

语言的表达是项相对较耗时的任务，不是一朝一夕即可掌握的，因此急需考生的长期酝酿;而如何展开论点，相对应其实与如何运用语言是相辅相成的，同样是需要时间。中国考生写作分数不高并不是因为不知道说什么理由，而是不知道如何用英语恰当的表达自己的中文思路。因此这3个评分标准中最有技巧最易提升的便是第二个：如何组织结构。

第一，连接词过渡句

任何形式的英语文章中都应该具备一定量的连接词(路标词)，因为它们是有助于读者顺利阅读的“导航坐标”;大多数考生在备考时也的确会准备一系列此类连接词，用于文章每个段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的连接词。但是单纯有段首连接词还不足以支撑全文的结构，因此考生应该同时准备段中连接词，包括“比如说，因为，但是，相对比而言”等，粗略估计，全文完成下来可以达到15个以上的路标词，不仅承接了全文，结构清晰明了，而且也为时间紧张下的写作减轻了不少字数压力。以下为常用连接词：

1， 第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly

2， 第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly

3， 第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly

4， 一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another

5     表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to

6， 表结果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence

7， 表举例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate

8， 表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally

9， 表转折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless

10，表比较对比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary

…

当然，仅仅依靠连接词是不足以表明全文的连贯性的，适当的添加过渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇关于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出现多处明显的段落过渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用来承接上下两段，以引出自己的观点看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明显具备良好的过渡功能，让全文更加流畅舒服，朗朗上口。

第二，内在论证统一

Official Guide To The New TOEFL这一官方指南中也明确在写作部分提到“但要知道，仅仅使用第一，第二这样的连接词并不能保证作文结构的严谨，还要注意让所有的观点与文章的主题相关，紧扣中心思想。换句话说，作文要有统一性，评分原则中提到的统一性，渐进性和连贯性这些都是评估作文结构是否严谨，读者能否比较容易地跟上作者思路的标准。”通过上段叙述，我们不难发现作文论证统一性的重要性。

而事实上这也正是被许多考生所忽略的问题。在拿到试题后，考生们不是先腾出时间构思结构框架，而是急着抓住哪怕是一分钟的时间动笔写作，其实如此的选择是要不得的，新通海外考试研究中心强烈建议各位考生在考试时不要舍不得这准备的时间，正所谓“磨刀不误砍柴功”;因为只有当你事先构思好而不是边想边写，你才能真正做到论证内容的一致性，观点与论据的统一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答应对题目的提问，用单边的手段安排整篇文章成5段的总分总思路是十分适用的。

考生在备考写作的时候，可以多做一些这种类型的题目，并适当的做些准备，比如背诵一些连接方式，多在逻辑上把握自己的文章等等。

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新托福写作经典句子结构（1）

在新托福的写作考试中，看似很简单的题目，实际上都很难答。再加上中国人的习惯思维的影响，作文中甚少有能很出彩的地方，这也是大家拿不到高分的重要原因。其实大家可以对一些习惯语句的句子结构加以记忆，这样在写作的时候就会有的借鉴，行文也会在模式中突出出来。

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.

美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。

2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.

1986 年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢?

3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.

人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.

由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。

5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.

任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。

6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.

简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。

8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.

随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。

9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.

诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。

10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.

膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。

11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.

酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。

12. Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to ged as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell 曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。

30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.

采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。

31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.

骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。

32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.

科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。

33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.

对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。

34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.

消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。

35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.

未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。

36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.

Everglades 是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(law)保护。

37. Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.

Lucretia Mott's 的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。

38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.

国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。

39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.

大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。

40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.

对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。

41. The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.

尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。

42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.

墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。

43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.

社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。

44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams' enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.

给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams 的热情。

45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.

典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。

46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.

根据人类学家的come，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部xw 廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。

47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.

直到1866 年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。

48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.

John Crowe Ransom 在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。

49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.

父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。

50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.

北美远古的Hopewell 人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。

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新托福写作经典句子结构（2）

新托福作文中，如果用上几个闪光句子，会让考官眼前一亮，为高分奠定基础。

51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.

使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。

52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.

无政府 主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信govern 是有害的，没有必要的。

53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.

恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。

54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.

使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。

55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.

优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。

56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.

相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。

57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.

十八世纪时，“小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。

58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.

在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。

59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.

谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。

60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.

在所有的经济作物中，棕榈树得到的研究最少。

61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.

购买者和销售者都应该留意技术的新发展，原因很简单，因为技术能够并且已经影响着营销活动。

62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.

电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。

63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.

人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。

64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.

珍珠的色泽受到作为其母体牡蛎种类及牡蛎生活水域的深度，温度和含盐度的制约。

65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.

尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。

66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.

鲇鱼不仅可以离开水存活，还可以在岸上短距离移动。

67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.

科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论推断是地理，气候和海平面的变化造成的。

68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes in Formation derived from other sciences.

主要目的在于丰富和优质的农艺学利用了其他科学的知识。

69. Snow aised as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.

长卷毛狗曾被用作猎鸭时叼回猎物的猎犬，但是美国Kennel Club 却不承认它们为猎犬，因为它们现在大多数作为宠物饲养。

78. As a result of what is now know in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.

物理学和化学的一个成果是使得科学家们能在生物学和医学上获得重大发现。

79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition.

根据默默无闻的小说制作优秀影片在美国由来已久，已经成为传统。

80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.

因为顾客认为最好的水果应该看起来也是最漂亮的，所以种植者必须提供能满足挑剔眼光的产品。

81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.

电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。

82. Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.

电视不仅仅是一件电器;它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。

83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for re-arrest------is more than 60 percent.

更让人吃惊的事实是hue 的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余，以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——为百分之六十强。

84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.

他的教书生涯始于麻省理工学院，但是William Rainey Harper 把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大学。他在那里正式任职长达整整一代人的时间。他的高级作文课上的学生觉得他在课上古板得可怕，但私下交流却富有同情和理解。

85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its moldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm.

树獭即不讲究卫生，以至于它粗糙的毛发上生出绿苔，成群的寄生蛾生长在它的皮毛深处，变成毛毛虫，并以它的脏毛为食。她的肌肉不能让他哪怕在很短的距离以内以每小时一公里的速度移动。它能做的最敏捷的动作就是挥一挥它弯曲的胳膊。

86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.

人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂如蜡和玻璃;其制作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。

87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States.

在伊利诺州Argonne 市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果，科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。

88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.

当有关西部铁路的说服和规划工作终于完成后，真正艰难的任务还没有开始;即危险，吃力，需要伤筋动骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造这些铁路的实际工作。

89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.

由于空间不足，艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重，有些情况下放弃其进一步改x 收藏的机会。

90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years.

美国constitution 要求总统是生于美国本土的公民，三十五岁以上，并且在美国居住了至少十四年。

91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.

美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。

92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.

石头不会腐烂，所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下来，虽然它们的制造者已经消失的无影无踪。

93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住;如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞嚼掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。

94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

确实，他们在探险中遇到了极具威胁性的困难和危险，而他们的装备会让一个现代登山者想一想都会浑身颤栗。不过他们并不是刻意去追求刺激的。

95. There is only tne difference between an old man and a young one: the youngman has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

老人和年轻人之间只有一个区别：年轻人的前面有辉煌的未来，老年人灿烂的未来却已在它们身后。这也许就是困难之所在。

96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious s

pocial climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.

我们为年强人振奋。他们带有fire 的气息，他们不会为狭隘的野心和贪婪享受而孜孜以求。他们不是焦虑的向上爬的人，他们不会对物质性的东西难舍难分。

97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.

每次我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情，说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话，我都倍感诧异。

98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around.

没有可能仅仅为了娱乐或锻炼而运动：一旦有了问题，一旦你觉得你输了你和你所属团体会有失体面时，你最野蛮的好斗本能就会被激发出来。

99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物——或者找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。

100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure.

随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。

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