2014年7月12日托福阅读真题回忆及解析

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机经词汇：

initiate v 开始、发动

fluctuate v 波动

outlying v/adj 放在…之上;边远的

domestic adj 国内的;驯养的

posterity n 子孙;后羿

further v 推动

durable adj 持久的;耐用的

impede v 妨碍

exclusive adj 专属的;排外的

define v 定义;规定

inhibit v 抑制;禁止 

第一篇：中美洲文明的发展史(the culture of Mesoamerica)

版本 l ：关于 mesoamerican 的发现，出现了中美洲的各种文明（提别是 maya 文明），提到了金字塔地下的发现，后来强调了旅游景点也有大量可发现的价值。

版本 2 ：美国原始历史，提到玛雅文明，埃及金字塔，然后继续主题

原文

Original history

The excavation and research of original history has taught people a lot about our culture.What they do make really important contribution to our understanding and recognition.These understanding can make influence to atheology and art.

Maya civilization in the early stages of the formation of settlements around the center to hold a memorial ceremony, the classical period of the formation of city-state, the city-state has its own dynasty. Society is a priest of the ruling class and aristocracy, hereditary king, in charge of religious rites, the date of the provisions of farming. The Corporation's common for members of the lower agricultural workers and artisans in various industries.

The lower social slaves, prisoners of war from the general, criminals and liabilities, can be traded freely. Maya society in all state and the development of the ancient world, similar to the national primary slavery, but there is no specific information on the situation.

The researchers have found a lot of relic of Maya civilization and what they have found make it easier for them to understand the original Maya civilization.They had a lot of states which were really prosperous and wealthy.The relic showed us how fantasy it was at that time.

The other example is the pyramid in Africa.The pyramid is the emperor's mausoleum that the ancient Egyptian king builds for himself.The pyramid of Auspicious Zagreb of Egypt is praised for one of ancient seven greatest miracles in the world.At Egyptian all of the pyramids, the great majorities all are constructed in the third to the sixth dynasty in Egypt.These have for more than 4000 years, the pyramid of history mainly distributes in the grounds, such as capital city Cairo and Nile upper stream in the west coast, Auspicious Zagreb.

Egypt discovers 80 pyramid totally, most of them are the pyramid of grand view,which is set up in around 2600 B.C.What surprises us the most is the pyramid of Auspicious Zagreb,it was all artificial.This amazing place of interest has told us how great they are.

Let’s go back to bronze age.People who made bronze lived in somewhere lack of bronze.What was more,they needed to import cooper.So as a luxury,they did not use bronze as a tool for agriculture.

关键词：真题 解析 7月12日 托福阅读 机经

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第二篇：土壤的形成

版本一：第二篇是土壤的形成，里面讲到了水、气候、地市对土壤的影响

版本二：讲土壤和水的关系。讲了水在土壤里的流动和蒸发速度，在不同地形的水的流失，具体讲了一个是悬崖边上的水为什么比陆地上的水干的要快。

解析：本文围绕土壤如何形成这个主题展开论证。做题时需注意记录笔记，对于结构化阅读及最后一题的解答有很大好处。地理地质类主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。需注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理清晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅。推荐的文章是 TPO14 的文章 Maya Water Problems 。

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原文

The formation of soil

Soil is the most common thing in our daily life, including the ground we stand on as well as the place in which the agriculture has been cultivated, however, due to some complicated academic knowledge, individuals may has some confusion on the conformation of soil.

Generally, the formation of soil always go through the following steps. Under natural and human factors, rocks transform into parent material and then these parent materials will turn into the final soil, which lasts for a long time and with a lots of extrinsic force.

It is well acknowledged that the formation of some substance always involves a lot of other factor, thus, there also exist some environmental factors contributing to the formation of soil, and we call them as the soil formers. The soil formers consist of temperature, chemical as well as biological organism as well as some natural force—wind, rain , snow and so on. The combination of these formers impose a negative or positive influence on the process of formation of soil. Initially, the parent materials are direct parameters for the formation of soil, since they control the speed, property, direction and even the physical and chemical property of soil.

Generally, the longer the development of soil ’ s growing up is, the bigger the difference between the parent materials and final soil.

To some degree, the moisture can influence the transformation of substance in soil, changing the decomposition, combination and transformation of these substances. Normally, the higher moisture in the environment contributes to the more obvious soil ’ s weathering.

Meanwhile, the temperature in the surrounding environment also influence the process of formation as well. With the temperature increasing, the weathering action of soil also increase with some obvious theory. So in some areas with high temperature, the thickness of soil can reach about several dozens of meters, but by contrast in some cold areas, the thickness of these soil only possesses a few meters.

Ultimately, changes of climate also influence the formation of the soil, and as a consequence, the color and composition of soil will differ from each other due to these reasons, and that is why you can find some theory from the color of soil from the south areas to north areas. And in addition, the organism in the soil also do some contribution to this process, leaving distinguished composition in different areas.

Though the study of formation of soil has stepped into a mature period, due to the complicated types of soil as well as their abundant compositions, the scholars must have a lot of topics to put their concentrations on.

关键词：真题 解析 7月12日 托福阅读 机经

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第三篇：文明的起源

版本一：文明的起源。地方是美索不达米亚平原那边的。因为土地资源丰富，所以人口增多来开发，好像还提到了从其他地方得到青铜（ bronze ) ，所以很珍贵。一般不用来作为务农工具。有一题就是问为什么不用青铜器装农作物的。

版本二：讲文明的起源，主要以两河流域为例。解释了文明的主要特点为有政治中心，自己的语言，金属工具等等。同事说美索不达米亚和埃及因为是何故所以进口 bronze ，价格昂贵作为首饰和装饰品。

原文

Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the mountains of Armenia in modern-day Turkey. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometers (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf.

The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. This irrigation is aided by a high water table and by melting snows from the high peaks of the Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian cordillera, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that give the region its name. The usefulness of irrigation depends upon the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, from the earliest period, has assisted the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority. The art of Mesopotamia rivelled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The main emphasis was on various, fortunately very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay; little painting has survived, but what has suggests that painting was mainly used for geometrical and plant-based decorative schemes, though most sculpture was also painted.

The Protoliterate period, dominated by Uruk, saw the production of sophisticated works like the Warka Vase and cylinder seals. The Guennol Lioness is an outstanding small limestone figure from Elam of about 3000 – 2800 BC, part man and part lion.A little later there are a number of figures of large-eyed priests and worshipers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple cult images of the deity, but very few of these have survived. Sculptures from the Sumerian and Akkadian period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men. Many masterpieces have also been found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur (c. 2650 BC), including the two figures of a Ram in a Thicket, the Copper Bull and a bull's head on one of the Lyres of Ur.

From the many subsequent periods before the ascendancy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of molded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not.The Burney Relief is an unusual elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches) terracotta plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. It comes from the 18th or 19th centuries BC, and may also be molded.Stone stela, votive offerings, or ones probably commemorating victories and showing feasts, are also found from temples, which unlike more official ones lack inscriptions that would explain them; the fragmentary Stele of the Vultures is an early example of the inscribed type,and the Assyrian Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III a large and solid late one.

The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendor of the art of the neighboring Egyptian empire. The Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low reliefs in stone for palaces, with scenes of war or hunting; the British Museum has an outstanding collection. They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures, often the human-headed lamassu, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seemcomplete). Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined.

关键词：真题 解析 7月12日 托福阅读 机经

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