TPO33-1 The First Civilizations题目解析（2）

Paragraph 3

The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.

6. The word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. secured　B. coordinated　C. modeled　D. brought about

答案 D
解析 词汇题：provoke 激起， 引起， 招致，激怒，对应 D 选项，引起。

7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose? among agricultural communities?

A. A significant increase in population
B. The desire to control water resources for irrigation
C. The need for protection from outside forces
D. The demand for organized communication with other communities

答案 D

解析 否定细节题: 定位第二句 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. 中的 significant growth in population对应 A 选项；efforts to control the flow of water 对应 B 选项； protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community 对应 C 选项。因此 D 选项错误。

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Paragraph 4

The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.

By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as theleaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.

8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?

A. Where the first steps toward civilization took place
　　B. Who was allowed to replace “big men” after the “big men” died
　　C. Why some individuals became recognized as leaders
D. How governments emerged

答案 D

解析 否定细节题：定位句 The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. 出现地点northern Africa, India and China 对应A选项。定位句 As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, 提到了世袭制；
对应 B 选项。定位句By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. 对应 C 选项。定位句How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain. 与D选项相违背，因此 D 选项错误。

9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?

A. Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.
B. Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4  discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.
C. Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.
D. Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and  paragraph 4 discusses an effect.

答案 A

解析 宏观题：第三段主要是说领导者即后来政府形成的原因， 第四段主要是讲领导者是如何形成的。对应 A 中 why 和 how。

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