2014年8月23日托福阅读真题回忆及解析

A卷：

第一篇：Personality traits 人格特征

题材解读：

心理学题材相对于历史，生物等常见题材来说，出现的频率稍低。因而，适度了解一些心理学常识则能帮助同学们克服生词恐惧感。本篇讲的人格特征便属此例。了解相应知识，还能快速切入主题，是同学们在提高阅读能力之余需要积累的。

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第二篇：埃及变迁

题材解读：

古文明是被最多的反复考察的题材之一，往往还与农业，考古，甚至政治有所交集。但由于历史类文章切入点不同会产生不同的行文方式，因此可能与考生预期不同。所以对于这类背景，应该去了解但不能过于依赖。

2013.2,2NA 埃及尼罗河文明 ― 疑似重复 2013.5.26ML

第一个：关于埃及的尼罗河文明，提到公元前 5000 ~3000 年前，北非地区一片绿洲，后来气侯突然变化了（有考点），导致仅剩尼罗河流域的土地肥沃，有绿色植被，适于居住，所以人们都聚集到这个地区，形成古埃及文明。然后说为了造金字塔，需要强有加勺社会统治结构，所以“嫡长子继承制” ( Primogeniture 有考点）被法老们（ Pharaoh ）建立起来。此外尼罗河上游（在南面）的阿斯旺水坝地区（有地图有考点）有用于建造金字塔的石料等东西，需要通过各种季风（春夏和秋冬不同，有考点）将运输船吹到下游（注意尼罗河的下游是在北面工还有就是因为尼罗河流域周边都被撒哈拉沙漠包围，后来即使被什么其他文明入侵征服，但是文明一直都没有断掉，社会稳定（有考点）。

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第三篇：Electricity在美国的发展

背景解读：

通常单场考试会有文理题材上的差异，但本场考试三篇文章全是人文历史类。理工科的同学可能在解答时会相对吃力。因此，要对于时间顺序等逻辑性不清晰的文章进行大量练习。

 关键词：8月23日 托福阅读 真题 解析 托福考试 托福机经

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  B卷：

第一篇：

shaker basket讲一个地方的人做东西不注重decoration，而是注重用途，因为他们与外界isolated，所以和外界不一样。那个地方的人尤其篮子做的特别好，基本都是在做篮子的市场一起做，有很多种用途。有的可防止潮湿，有的加了个东西还能在冰上用，减小stress。后来篮子也被improve了，因为有各地区交流。

相关背景：

About Shaker Baskets and Basketry：What is a SHAKER basket?

The Shakers learned basketry partly from the Algonquin Indians who were also trading partners. Although both men and women were involved, because basketry didn’t require male support to keep it going, it thrived longer than the other industries when males failed to join the order in sufficient numbers. The Shakers took the simple basket and elevated it to an art form which in turn generated a large dollar income for the community.

The raw materials existed on their own properties and the Shakers owned land in the Adirondacks which continued to provide ash after the local supply dwindled. The bark of the black ash (Fraxinus Nigra) was pulled off with a bark spud, a stout curved blade and wooden handle. The sharpened blade, which reflects the shape of the log, helped peel the bark off. The bark was used to produce tannin for the tanning industry, which was operated by the Shakers into the second half of the 19th century. The Shakers always attempted to dovetail industries and make wide use of interrelated technologies.

After removing the bark, the splints were prepared. Native Algonquins prepared splints by hand using a wooden club to pound the annual growth rings off. Once the Shakers harnessed running water to supply power, they built a triphammer to beat the logs and loosen ash strips. This hammer was also used by the blacksmith to pound out metal and to break flax. A simple machine - a device pulled up a weighted head to a specified height than a release mechanism dropped this weight or hammer on the log. It was a great labour saving device that efficiently produced large quantities of splints.

Perhaps the most important element in Shaker basketry was the use of wooden moulds or forms of almost unlimited varieties. This allowed the Shakers to produce baskets in commercial quantities. The Sisters produced most of the baskets, while the Brothers provided support in the preparation of the raw materials, the manufacture of the basket handles and other woodworking processes, thus guaranteeing efficient production and high output. The wooden mould, of which there were dozens attest to the variety of styles and heights of baskets produced. A simple change in handle style and a new basket was born.

Sales indicated to the Shakers, consumer preference for the smaller “fancy” baskets. They responded to the need and decided to let the worldly producers make the bigger and plainer items. The smaller fancy baskets didn’t deplete their ash supplies as rapidly and the hexagonal T’cheese basketsT’ or “curd baskets” took small amounts of splint. All of these smaller baskets requird less masculine labour support and given the fact the male population was shrinking, this became an important factor in their choice of manufacture.

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 第二篇：

版本一：

恐龙有两种hatch的方式，一个是在nest里下蛋，总之不好确定，因为fossil。。后来两个实验，都证明了是在nest里。又讨论了可以和其他动物对比，和bird，发现是一个祖先，所以发展特征也差不多。

版本二：

有一篇讲恐龙的两种保护宝宝行为。一种是生前行为如筑巢，另一种是生后的如喂养。M恐龙巢里有小宝宝，故推断有第一种，但后面一种就不好说了，后一种m的巢距离一定，所以可能孵蛋，小龙牙上有痕迹可能喂养。

相关背景：

Reproductive biology

Three eggs, bluish with black speckling, sit atop a layer of white mollusk shells pieces, surrounded by sandy ground and small bits of bluish stone.

Nest of a plover (Charadrius).

All dinosaurs lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some species of modern bird have no nests; the cliff-nesting Common Guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male Emperor Penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. Primitive birds and many non-avialan dinosaurs often lay eggs in communal nests, with males primarily incubating the eggs. While modern birds have only one functional oviduct and lay one egg at a time, more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts, like crocodiles. Some non-avialan dinosaurs, such as Troodon, exhibited iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid.

When laying eggs, females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the marrow of their limbs. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells. A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur Allosaurus and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of med ullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs.

Fossilized egg of the oviraptorid Citipati, American Museum of Natural History

Another widespread trait among modern birds is parental care for young after hatching. Jack Homer’s 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura (“good mother lizard”) nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among ornithopods, suggesting this behavior might also have been common to all dinosaurs. There is evidence that other non-theropod dinosaurs, like Patagonian titanosaurian sauropods (1997 discovery), also nested in large groups. A specimen of the Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993, which indicates that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. Parental care being a trait common to all dinosaurs is supported by other finds. For example, a dinosaur embryo (pertaining to the prosauropod Massospondylus) was found without teeth, indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaurs. Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland. Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs, and it appears likely that all dinosaurs cared for their young to some extent either before or shortly after hatching.

Physiology

Main article: Physiology of dinosaurs

Comparison between the air sacs of an abelisaur and a bird

Because both modern crocodilians and birds have four-chambered hearts (albeit modified in crocodilians), it is likely that this is a trait shared by all archosaurs, including all dinosaurs. While all modern birds have high metabolisms and are T’warm blooded” (endothermic), a vigorous debate has been ongoing since the 1960s regarding how far back in the dinosaur lineage this trait extends. Scientists disagree as to whether non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic, ectothermic, or some combination of both.

After non-avian dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic. This supposed “cold-blooded ness” was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic and sluggish remained a prevalent view until Robert T. “Bob” Bakker, an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968.

Modern evidence indicates that even non-avian dinosaurs and birds thrived in cooler temperate climates, and that at least some early species must have regulated their body temperature by internal biological means (aided by the animals’ bulk in large species and feathers or other body coverings in smaller species). Evidence of endothermy in Mesozoic dinosaurs includes the discovery of polar dinosaurs in Australia and Antarctica as well as analysis of blood-vessel structures within fossil bones that are typical of endotherms. Scientific debate continues regarding the specific ways in which dinosaur temperature regulation evolved.

In the saurischian dinosaurs, higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system, characterized by an extensive system of air sacs that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton, making them hollow. Early avian-style respiratory systems with air sacs may have been capable of sustaining higher activity levels than mammals of similar size and build could sustain. In addition to providing a very efficient supply of oxygen, the rapid airflow would have been an effective cooling mechanism, which is essential for animals that are active but too large to get rid of all the excess heat through their skin.

Like other reptiles, dinosaurs are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine. In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, at least some modern birds (such as hummingbirds) can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca. In addition, many species regurgitate pellets, and fossil pellets that may have come from dinosaurs are known from as long ago as the Cretaceous period.

关键词：8月23日 托福阅读 真题 解析 托福考试 托福机经

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