Task 4：
No.1
Recruitment: Insects release signals to inform other insects to come and cooperate. For example, there is a type of ant called the fire ant that live in nests in South America. Some ants have a special job which is to leave the nests to find food. When one ant finds a piece of fruit too big for it to carry back, it will walk back to recruit more ants while releasing a chemical that forms a trail on the way. When it arrives, other ants can then follow the trail and find the fruit and then carry it back together.
NO.2
Definition: Environment impact assessment, ""The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project.”
Example: The professor gives an example of a construction company. The company was going to build a shopping center on a large land. Before the construction, they did a study and found the land was wetland. Their original plan was to fill solid soil into this land. But the environment impact assessment said that the wetland was very important for the environment. It could prevent flooding because it could hold water. So they decided not to fill the land and cancel this plan. Alternatively, they moved to another piece of land.
NO.3
阅读部分讲到实验考古学，研究人员运用古人的技术和工具来实践。听力部分讲了个例子，说有一块大陆和一个岛，这个岛上的人最早是不是从这个大陆来的呢?大陆上的人有木有这个能力到岛上去。于是研究人员就用当年的技术、木头和绳索造了个木木筏，然后坐这个木筏穿过这片海洋，证明大陆上的人是有能力去岛上的，所以很可能是岛上的人的来源。
NO.4
priming：人们早先的经历会影响他们对事物的interpret
例子：如果一个男生，上车并且打开notebook 然后写东西：
一个女人早上遇到大学同学，就回想起大学生活。所以她认为这个男生是学生并且在work for classes 或work for due paper
一个女人刚刚读完诗歌，所以她认为男生是诗人。
NO.5
Task 4:
anticipated emotion。人们采取行动之前会对自己做了这个事情之后会有一个怎样的心情有一个估测，然后根据这个估测决定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture 里，教授举例子说有一次去给妹妹买生日礼物，发现一件很想买的 jacket，但是买了 jacket 之后就只能给妹妹买很便宜的小礼物，于是他就想如果真的买了 jacket 的话他肯定会很愧疚，所以最后决定还是不买了
Anticipated emotion: Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.
Example: The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not tadding-right: 0px; font: 16px/28px 微软雅黑; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"> Task 4
Marketing
Reading material：广告最常用的诉求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群体归属感。经常表现为两种方式：做对的事，成为群体一员;做错的事，被群体抛弃。
Listening material：广告商经常采取的营销策略，就是品牌归属感诉求。举某种苏打水Suda为例。
要么是一群男女，灯红酒绿，都喝同一种品牌的Suda水，这意味着，喝这种品牌，就能享受共同的happy;
要么是一个人boy在酒吧里，灯红酒绿，他开了一瓶Suda，但很不幸是错的品牌brand，突然间全场安静，朋友moving away,就是因为他开了错的Suda，就被群体孤立。
问题：描述affiliation，及教授的内容。
答案：The Reading material gave the definition of affiliation, that is……It manifests in two ways:…
In the listening material, the professor keeps on talk about it by introducing two examples:…
NO.7
报dormancy这一概念，阅读材料讲到冬眠的涵义：帮助渡过恶劣环境;降低自身生理能耗。
听力材料里professor讲述了一个肺鱼的例子：在河水干涸之后鱼就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，这样一方面可以隔热、保湿，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳频率。
NO.8
口四：报dormancy这一概念，阅读材料讲到冬眠的涵义：帮助渡过恶劣环境;降低自身生理能耗。
听力材料里professor讲述了一个肺鱼的例子：在河水干涸之后鱼就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，这样一方面可以隔热、保湿，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳频率。
NO.9
Reading part:
【名词解释】：
backward framing事后重塑
消费者尝试一种新产品后会做出评价，如果不喜欢，可以通过广告改变其记忆，使记忆趋向积极的一面。
Listening part:
【教授举例】：
NO.10
natural consequence 阅读讲的小孩做错事，大人口语不用惩罚，由着做错事的结果来惩罚孩子。听力，教授给了个例子，教授5岁的女儿经常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都帮女儿收拾。 一天女儿还是把玩具放在后院，教授没有帮收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的玩具损坏了，女儿在这件事后认识到自己的错，以后再也不帮玩具放后院
NO.11
4.大学旁边住房问题,rent等,听力里的woman完全不同意,大概说了3个原因(我是说了3个).1.贴广告不一定能和需要系的人2.rent相比其他学校已经很低3.一些学生喜欢在summer住在学校附近(这个跟新policy怎么联系上的,忘记了) 问题就是summary reasons.
NO.12
4. Reading part: Priority Effects
environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
Listening part:
alter the
？Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives
？later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
There’s a kind of small ants(文中始终未给出该蚂蚁名称), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an “askentia(音) tree”, their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don’t rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
There is a kind of bigger ants, they’re more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by “askentia” tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
NO.13
阅读：【课文要点】： Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是说通过联系不好的情况来resist坏东西,帮人解决坏习惯.Brood parasites(孵育寄生动物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
就是说通过联系不好的情况来resist坏东西，帮人解决坏习惯。即 make negative associations with the thing, 这样就可以让这个东西变得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一个自己的例子解释。
听力：【教授举例】： 教授举的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜欢loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后来Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 来reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
question:用听力的例子解释对negative ideation的理解
NO.14
阅读：动物有固定的patterns of behavior
听力：1、一种小鱼：male fish会do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果没有red mark就不会
2、goose：female鹅生过蛋后会move its head back and forth，但是当它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然这样
问题是：讲一讲什么是动物的这种惯性行为(文中用了缩写，好象是AFS 还是FAS记不清了)，然后讲讲lecture中间的例子如何证明的。
NO.15
广告应该忠实于产品的功能，但是现在的广告为了达到吸引顾客的目的，纷纷引用名人说的话，这样可能会误导消费者(quote out of context)。听力的例子是电影，电影开场前，打的广告是引用名人的话，但是电影播放后结果确实是很不好。
NO.16
Task4:
文章：一个proposal, 建议学校拿出一部分activity budget给学生参加 academic conferences.
男生：觉得这个建议不好，有两点原因：1) 活动经费应该就给那些原来intended for的活动，比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 学校其他的academic departments 已经有给学生参加学术会议的经费预算，学生只要申请，教授会决定是否给钱让学生去开会。
要求：summarize proposal, 然后说男生的评价
NO.17
阅读：内在原因，当人们找事情原因时，找自己的原因叫内在原因。它可能会让人失去自信，也可以自我鼓励更加努力。
听力：教授举例：自己在汽车公司管理销售，第一个星期很落后，跟不上进度，找自己的原因，觉得是自己的效率不高，不够有条理，所以改进的方法，最后提高了效率。
NO.18
TASK4
阅读解释概念：internal attribute: 将事物发生的原因归结自己的内在问题，而不是外界因素。
听力教授举自己的例子解释这个概念。具体为：该教授青少年时期在一家公司工作，负责整理文件。他遇到困难总是不能及时完成工作。该教授没有抱怨老板也没有抱怨工作太多而是想办法提高自己的能力。最后教授提高自己的能力，能按时完成工作，变得非常擅长自己的工作。
以上就是小编提供的2016年6月18日托福口语Task 1预测。希望对各位考生有所帮助。
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