托福TPO44阅读真题解析：Passage 3

TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首写字母，就是托福在线练习的意思，TPO可以为考生提供全真的模拟考试环境和过往真题，而TPO题库也是有着不断的更新。在托福阅读的备考过程中，除了大量的阅读之外，全面了解托福阅读的题型和解题方法也都是非常重要的环节。而对于很多备考托福的学生来说，TPO往往就是一个首先的备考材料。今天，小编就为大家带来托福TPO44阅读真题解析：Passage 3。

托福TPO44阅读Passage 3 真题解析 【在线咨询】

From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates

1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about fish evolution? 【事实信息题】
A. Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear.
B. Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere.
C. Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats.
D. During the Devonian, lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater habitats.
答案： B

解析： 第一段主要讲地球上最重要的演化之一是鱼从水生转型到陆生。鱼可能起源于海洋，我们最早的证据是在海洋的岩石里。但在Devonian时期，鱼开始基本都呈现水生形式包括淡水，其中一种化石特别普遍在淡水岩石里是lobe-finned fish。选项A中lobe-finned fish显然不是最早的鱼类;选项B与原文中鱼类出现的顺序阐述一致;选项C中的lobe-finned fish只是其中的一种;选项D中的lobe-finned fish是否在海洋比淡水中更普遍在原文中没有做对比。

2. According to paragraph 2, what do the minerals in the delta rocks containing rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils reveal? 【事实信息题】
A. These deltas formed in dry periods but gradually became wetter.
B. These deltas contain different types of iron minerals than do the surrounding areas.
C. Most rhipidistian crossopterygian fish died when the climate became dry.
D. Rhipidistian crossopterygian fish lived in areas that experienced alternate dry and wet periods.
答案： D

解析： 第二段定位句The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals, indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods. 很显然在三角洲的rhipidistian crossopterygian化石里的矿物质揭示了其生活的区域经历了干旱和潮湿交替的时期，选项D正确。

3. The word "advantageous" in the passage is closest in meaning to【词汇题】
A. beneficial
B. necessary
C. remarkable
D. common
答案： A

解析： advantageous有利的，选项A有益的，选项B必要的，选项C非凡的，选项D普通的，所以选项A正确。

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4. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that mud inside rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils differed in consistency and texture depending on where the mud was located? 【修辞目的题】
A. To provide evidence that rhipidistian crossopterygian lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.
B. To identify an effect of the oxidation of iron minerals on the evolution of rhipidistian crossopterygian.
C. To help explain why scientists have concluded that rhipidistian crossopterygian probably had lungs.
D. To explain why scientists decided to cut cross sections through some fossils of rhipidistian crossopterygian.
答案： C

解析： 通过题目中的关键词consistency and texture定位到第二段原句Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish. These differences suggest a sadlike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung. 显而易见答案选C，为了解释为什么科学家得到rhipidistian crossopterygian可能有lung肺的结论。

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子简化题】
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.
答案： C

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 【句子简化题】
A. Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen, these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.
B. During periods of extended drought, these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.
C. Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen, they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.
D. During periods of extended drought, the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.
答案： D

7. The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to: 【词汇题】
A. nearby
B. available
C. temporary
D. fresh
答案： A

解析： adjacent 邻近的，选项A附近的;选项B可用的;选项C暂时的;选项D新鲜的。所以选项A正确。

8. The word “progressively” in the passage is closest in meaning to: 【词汇题】
A. increasingly
B. noticeably
C. occasionally
D. rapidly
答案： A

解析： progressively 渐进地，选项A逐渐增加地;选项B显著地品;选项C偶然地;选项D迅速地。所以选项A正确。

9. In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that crabs and other arthropods were already living on land when the ancestors of the first tetrapods began living there? 【修辞目的题】
A. To account for the presence of dead fish along the edges of ponds and streams during the Devonian.
B. To support the claim that climate change caused freshwater habitats to become more restricted during the Devonian.
C. To identify a consequence of the emergence of plants into terrestrial habitats near ponds and streams.
D. To identify a possible reason for why certain fish gradually became terrestrial organisms.
答案： D

解析： 原文What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures? Changes in… Another impetus... In addition, plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds, and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community. 第4段通过一个问句开始，什么生态压力可能促使鱼逐渐抛弃它们的水生环境并逐渐地变成陆生物种的?下面通过三点来对此进行阐述，crabs and other arthropods就是in addition的其中一点来印证的。选项D为了证明为什么某些鱼类逐渐变成陆生生物的一个可能原因,与原文一致。

10. According to paragraph 4，teeth of the earliest tetrapods suggest that these tetrapods 【事实信息题】
A. competed with other animals for protein
B. were probably carnivores
C. could easily climb out of water
D. were able to eat plants
答案： B

解析： 通过关键词teeth of the earliest tetrapods定位到第4段Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food; they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants. 早期的tetrapods四足动物没有利用陆地植物作为食物，它们大概还是食肉动物并还没有能力发展成靠植物为食。选项B可能是食肉动物与原文意思一致。

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11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of the first tetrapods? 【事实信息题】
A. They became dependent for food on organisms already living on land.
B. They needed to develop new mechanisms for obtaining nutrients.
C. They continued to live in close association with aquatic environments.
D. They were evolutionarily far removed from their rhipidistian ancestors.
答案： C

解析： 定位到第5段How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat? Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes, they made only a partial transition; they were still quite tied to water. 第5段开篇用问句提问早期的tetrapods是如何转型到陆生环境的?接着踢打像早期的植物，它们只是部分的转型，还是相当依赖于水的。选项C它们继续生活在与水密切相关有水的环境里的，与原文意思一致。

12. According to paragraph 5, what was the main way that the earliest tetrapods differed from their immediate fish ancestors? 【事实信息题】
A. The tetrapods had a different skeletal structure.
B. The tetrapods had more sources of food available
C. The tetrapods had a circulation system.
D. The tetrapods could move to new pools of water.
答案： A

解析： 定位句The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins, the vertebral column, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle. 注意题目问的是main way与principal changes意思一致，原文最早的tetrapods的主要变化是skeletal system骨骼结构，显而易见选项A中tetrapods有不同的骨骼结构与之意思一致。

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. 【句子插入题】
These would have been deposited by the receding waters of droughts, during which many aquatic animals must have died.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage
答案： A

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. 【概要小结题】
To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT
Freshwater lobe-finned fish may be the direct ancestors of terrestrial tetrapods.
A. Rhipidistian crossopterygian had features such as primitive lungs and thick fins that could have helped it survive dry periods.
B. During the Devonian, the number of bones increased in the fins of rtiipidistians, improving such animals’ ability to swim and move over land
C. Shortly after the earliest tetrapods developed lungs, plants and other animals began to flourish on land.
D. By the Devonian period, lobe-finned fish preferred freshwater habitats to life in the ocean.
E. A drier climate and new sources of food on land may have encouraged the lobe-finned fish’s move to a terrestrial existence.
F. Early tetrapods remained closely connected to water, but several of their body structures were adapted for life on land.
答案： AEF

解析： 选项A Rhipidistian crossopterygian有例如原始的肺部和厚鳍，能够使其在干旱时期存活下来，这是对第二段后半段和第三段的总结概括，选项正确。
选项B中属于细节信息且后半句信息不符;选项C中后半句信息与原文不符;选项D中的细节信息错误，原文并没有对lobe-finned fish的栖息环境进行喜好比较;选项E中的a drier climate和new sources of food是第4段中促使鱼类逐渐变成陆生物种的其中两个原因，选项与原文信息相符;选项F的前半句是对第5段前两句的概括，后半句是对第5段However后面信息的概括，所以选项正确。

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