雅思大作文常见的六种论证类型

一.列举法

用于列举观点,理由等,是每篇大作文一定会使用到的一种发展手法,它是在段落主题句之后用于阐述观点或者理由的句子.列举法的常用连接词有:

in the first place, apart from, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, for one thing…for another, on the other hand等.此外,有时候我们还可以用诸如from a helicopter view或者from a microcosmic view来进行大类视角的切换,这种也属于列举. 以下我们先来看几个经典的例子:

1. However, reaching the conclusion that other subjects are no longer important is biased, the obvious benefits of subjects like music and sports for students cannot be denied. For one thing, learning music can cultivate one’s temperament and foster patience and consistency which are both coveted traits for the students. For another, sports energizes students, hence, they are able to plough into their studies enthusiastically and with confidence.

以上的2段文字属于”同类”视角的切换,换言之,都是在”微观”的范围里进行转换,以下我们再来看一段文字:

2. From a helicopter view, in countries, particularly developing ones, the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals.

在这段文字中,作者从”微观”,切换到了”宏观”,即所谓的大类视角切换,也同属于列举法的范畴,因此我们在用列举法发展段落时,同时要注意理由,观点的类别,在发展的时候要注意层次感,使用的连接词要准确.一般建议在列举时从”小”写到”大”。

二.举例法

用于事例加以说明,从而增加论证的说服力,同时也是增加字数的一种简单的方法.举例法常用连接词

有:for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有时候我们还可以用一些句子来拖例子,比如 This is true given the example of … 还能用一些副词来接续后面的例子,比如 indeed, today, nowadays…等. 以下我们也来看一些经典的例子:

Television has negative effects on people. For instance, television commercials distort the truth about products. Crime films on television encourage violence. And television documentaries stop people from thinking independently.

三．假设论证法

假设论证是中国考生比较熟悉的一种论证方法，在学生的文章中也不难发现，假设论证方法是学生们应用比较得心应手的方法。

假设论证发的好处在于不会让考生无话可说，在任何情况下都不要担心作文字数的问题。举个例子，如果题目观点是高校的科研资金应该有政府负担还是有当地企业负担的问题。学生的分论点是应该由政府负担，那么论证就可以采用假设论证的方法。

If the fund of the postgraduate research is subsidized by the local government, the reputation of government would definitely be enhanced.

四．因果法

分为2个层面,一是先因后国,二是先果后因,2者皆属于因果法,此法也是4种论述手法中最主要的一种,也几乎是每篇文章必然会使用的方法,因果法常用的连接词有:therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to等.因果法尤其在”分析解决型”大作文中是主要的段落论述手法。

五．让步论证法

让步论证法是中国考生较陌生的一个概念。其实，在中学的时候学习状语从句，我们就学过让步的关系，先退一步承认一个与自己观点相反的事实，再转折给出自己的观点，否定前者。句型如下：

Although/ though/ in spite of the fact that …

As is granted/ Admittedly, …

让步论证好处在于一句话可以表达两个意思，同时，在否定了前者的前提下，后者便的更加有力。同时也体现出了考生考虑问题的周全性。给大家举个例子。

如果题目是有关存钱的必要性的问题，我们用让步论证的话，我们要先承认存钱的优点，再根据所列有点进行反驳。

六．比较法

通过对2个以上事物或者人物的对比对主题加以说明,对比法常用的连接词有:likewise, similarly, at the same time, in contrast, nevertheless, still, instead, rather, on the contrary, after all, unlike, while, whilst等,有时候可以用条件状语从句来进行对比,也可以用介宾短语来引导对比. 以下是用对比法的一个段落:

Stability also contributes to the proliferation of fossil fuels in both industrial production and household application. A power station fuelled by coal is able to generate electricity constantly, whilst the production of a wind power station largely depends on the weather. Similarly, a household solar geyser can not work properly in rainy days when people will have to use gas water heater.

通过对比,可以形成鲜明的反差,从而增加论述的力度,这种论证方法尤其适用于单边的段落中,使用起来非常的简单.

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