2017.12.16/17托福阅读真题解析及备考建议

写在前面：上周考试两场分别有一篇天文，一篇地质，比较晦涩。但是词汇题都不是很难。
备考建议：核心词汇一定是要有储备的。另外阅读题目做题的时候一定是要读懂句子间逻辑关系，建议用精读的办法做题，而不是“找”答案。

12.16阅读真题回忆
passageone
话题类型：植物学-How pine trees survive
内容回忆：
第一段，介绍pinetree存活的环境，干燥，强风的气候，以及最古老的pine tree 种类和其特征。
第二段，pine tree 生存的一个优势是周围的地质比较具有保持水分的优势。
第三段，pine tree 生长的另外一个优势是他的叶子需要的养分比较少 ， 因为大部分的叶子是已经死去的， 只有少部分新生的需要营养。
第四段，pine tree 生存环境决定了他的成长周期 ， 还有可以通过一种drill 来预测树的年龄。

词汇题：
1 longevity—long life
2 decaying—rotting
3 inhospitable—hostile

Passage Two
学科分类：历史类-Easter Island Statues
内容回忆：
第一段：介绍复活节岛雕塑的概况，存在的地区和年代。
第二段：关于复活节岛雕塑的建造方式和建造的特征， 形状， 还有关于这个雕塑还未解答的问题。
第三段：雕塑建造的材料以及之前研究人员误解的问题， 雕塑的材料中间和外表那个更坚硬。
第四段：雕塑的位置以及不同雕塑出现在不同位置的原因。
第五段：两个雕塑迁移方式对比，一个更安全，一个更快。
词汇题：
1 discard abandon
2 distinctive ---easy to recognize
3 sufficient—adequate

Passage Three
话题类型：天文类-life’s origin
内容回忆：
第一段：介绍生命起源的第一种理论， 有两个科学家提出的O-h 理论， 认为万物起源于原有的一些元素转换为生命所需额氧气氢气之类。
第二段：有人反驳第一种说法， 认为这种存在元素的转换不会很长久，很快就会消失，不稳定。
第三段：提出新的理论， 认为生命元素是有彗星以及其他星球爆炸带来的一些有机化合物。
第四段：讲解生命元素可能是星体爆炸产生的化学物质。
第五段 还有更多的关于星球起源的争议， 没有定论，期待更多讨论。
词汇题：
1 impressive—striking
2 sought—look for
3 confirming—proving
4 be incorporated into—part of

12.17 阅读真题回忆
passageone
话题类型：geology
内容回忆：
第一段讲冰川对陆地的影响很大。冰川的重量会使大陆表面下降，这个过程时间很长，然后地球表面又要用很久的时间恢复原来的高度。比如Husdon和Great lake 现在就在慢慢恢复回上次冰川世纪前的高度。
第二段讲冰川的移动，随着冰川越来越大，收到重力的影响，会慢慢移动。移动的过程中，会切割岩石，推倒树木，摧毁遇到的一切植被生物。
第三段讲到在平坦的地方形成的冰川会移动缓慢，朝各个方向发展。而在山谷形成的冰川，因为垂直的角度大，所以会形成V形冰川。而原本是V形山谷会形成U冰川。当冰川融化后，会变成坡度很大的地形。很多现在的瀑布就是这么来的。
最后一段说到冰川会形成很多地形，比如horn，ridge。

词汇题：
in response to = as a result of
depositing=putting
sculpt=shape
drastic=very significant

passage Two
话题类型： thermalstratification

Physical characteristics of aquatic environments at different depths such as salt level, light, inorganic nutrients, degree of acidity, and pressure all play key roles in the distribution of organisms. One of the most important physical features is thermal stratification.

When solar radiation strikes water, some is reflected, but most penetrates the surface and is ultimately absorbed. Although water may appear transparent, it is much denser than air and absorbs radiation rapidly. In clear water, 99 percent of the solar radiation is absorbed inthe upper 50 to 100 meters. Longer wavelengths of light are absorbed first; the shorter wavelengths (which have more energy) penetrate farther, giving the depths their characteristic blue color.

This rapid absorption of sunlight by water has two important consequences. First, it means that photosynthesisthe process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds necessary for lifecan only occur in surface waters where thelight intensity is sufficiently high. Species that produce their own organic carbon compounds are called primary producers, and they are the base of the marine food web. Virtually all of the photosynthesis that supports the rich life of oceans and lakes comes from plants living in the upper 10 to 30 meters of water. Along shores and in very shallow bodies of water,some species such as kelp are rooted to the bottom. These plants may attain considerable size and structural complexity, and may support diverse communities of organisms. In the open waters that cover much of the globe, however, the primary producers of organic carbon are tiny,often one-celled algae (called phytoplankton), which are suspended in the water. Zooplankton, tiny invertebrates that feed on phytoplankton, migrate vertically on a daily cycle: up into the surface waters at night to feed and down into the dark, deeper waters during the day to escape predatory fish that rely on light to detect prey.

Second, the rapid absorption of sunlight by water means that only surface water is heated. The density of pure water is greatest at 4¡ãC and declines as the water's temperature rises above or falls below this point. When solar radiation heats the water surface above 4°C, the warm surface water becomes lighter than the cool, deeper water, and so tends to remain on the surface, where it may be heated further and become even less dense. In tropical areas and in temperate climates during the summer, the surfaces of oceans and lakes are usually covered by a thin layer of warm water. Unless these bodies of water are shallow, the deep water below this layer is much colder (sometimes near 4¡ãC). The change in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold, deep water is called the thermocline. Mixing of the surface water by wave action determines the depth of the thermocline and maintains relatively constant temperatures in the water above it.

Tropical lakes and oceans show pronounced permanent stratification of their physical properties, with warm, well-oxygenated, and lighted surface water giving way to frigid, dark, deep water almost devoid of oxygen. Oxygen cannot be replenished at great depths where there are no photosynthetic organisms to produce it, and the stable thermalstratification prevents mixing and reoxygenation by surface water. Only relatively few organisms can live in such extreme conditions. The waste products and dead bodies of organisms living in the surface waters sink to the depths, taking their mineral nutrients with them. The lack of vertical circulation thus limits the supply of nutrients to the phytoplanktonabove. Consequently, deep tropical lakes are often relatively unproductive and depend on continued input from streams for the nutrients required to support life.

The situation is somewhat different in temperate and polar waters. Deep lakes, in particular, undergo dramatic seasonal changes: they develop warm surface temperatures and a pronounced thermocline in summer, but freeze over in winter. Twice each year, in spring and fall, the entire water column attains equal temperature and equal density; moderatewinds may then generate waves that mix deep and shallow water, producing what is called overturn. This semiannual mixing carries oxygen downward and returns inorganic nutrients to the surface. Phosphorus and other nutrients may be depleted during the summer; overturn replenishes these nutrients by stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.

1. The word ultimately in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. probably
B. quickly
C. eventually
D. frequently

2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about solar radiation when it strikes water
A. Longer wavelengths travel farther.
B. Most of it is absorbed near the surface.
C. It is not absorbed by cloudy water.
D. More long wavelengths than short wavelengths are absorbed.

3. The word Virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Apparently
B. Usually
C. Nearly
D. Fortunately

4. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of kelpEXCEPT:
A. They are found at the bottom of shallow waters.
B. They are the primary producers of organic carbon.
C. They can grow very large.
D. They are a source of food for a variety of organisms.

5.The word suspended in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. dissolved
B. floating
C. invisible
D. released

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Zooplankton move up into surface waters at night to feed on phytoplankton, and down into deep, dark waters in daytime to avoid detection by predatory fish.
B. Zooplankton migrate vertically on a daily bed
C. contained
D. obtained

9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are true of the water at great depths in tropical lakes EXCEPT:
A. It has less oxygen than the surface water does.
B. It is very dark.
C. It contains relatively few living organisms.
D. It has low levels of mineral nutrients.

10. The word dramatic in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. partial
B. complex
C. frequent
D. striking

11. According to paragraph 6, after overturn, deep water levels of lakes in temperate climates will contain increased amounts of
A. warm water
B. phosphorus
C. oxygen
D. phytoplankton

12. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, temperate lakes are in general more productive than tropical lakes because
A. temperate lakes receive more nutrients from incoming streams
B. the summer thermocline is relatively deep in temperate lakes
C. solar radiation penetrates more of the water in temperatelakes
D. temperate lakes experience vertical circulation of water

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
If the water is clouded by many microscopic organisms, absorption occurs even closer to the surface.
Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices
A. Sunlight is rapidly absorbed by the upper layer of water, which makes it warmer and consequently less dense than the water below.
B. Photosynthesizing plants, which provide the food and oxygen for most other forms of aquatic life, are limited to the levels of oceans and lakes where sunlight is available.
C. The diversity of plant life in shallow water makes it attractive to zooplankton.
D. As water becomes less dense and moves to the surface of the ocean or lake, it cools down and moderates the temperature of thesurface.
E. Because more solar energy is absorbed by bodies of water in the tropics, the topmost layer of the thermocline is widest there.
F. In the tropics, permanent thermal stratification limits the amount of life supported in deep bodies of water; however, in temperate climates, seasonal thermal stratification allows vertical circulation and mixing of water, allowing the support of more life.

答案：CBCBB,ADBDD,CD(缺)，ABF

passage Three
话题类型：古生物考古
内容回忆：
第一段：一开始科学家猜测，某种恐龙因为体型很大，所以应该是生活在水里，用鼻子呼吸的。
第二段：但是后来发现这种恐龙的腿很细

，如果是生活在水中的话，一定会长很大的脚掌才能够避免不陷进淤泥，所以这种恐龙可能生活在陆地上。
第三段：将这种恐龙和大象进行比较。可能因为鼻子可以勾住树干以至于不会陷进泥潭，它们的结构和大象有相似之处。
第四段：因为这种恐龙四肢很适合跑步，所以可能是食肉的。而且它们体型能长到很大，相比哺乳动物来说，能够更好地控制体温。

词汇题：
immerse=extremely strong
extend make longer
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