掌握了这些方法，还怕你的托福阅读速度上不去？
导语：
很多同学总是觉得托福阅读篇幅太长，总是看不完、做不完题。那么为了帮助同学们短时间内提高托福阅读的分数，今天我们就来介绍一种托福阅读的推理方法——反义推理。
时常听到考生抱怨太长，看不完，不知如何提升阅读速度。一般这种问题有两方面原因：一、英语基础比较差，看不懂；二、英语基础还行，但是在技巧上有问题，搞懂单句是没有问题的，但是无法对整篇文章上下文联系。
提升速度并非一蹴而就，是一个需要长期练习的过程。为了让考生们能够在短时间内提高阅读分数，我们来试试对比一些方法来高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题拿到数。
我们来直接看题：
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfrom paragraph 1?
•It excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.
•It makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.
•Its significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.
•Its role in the structure ofbiological populations is a disruptive one.
解法1：
看遇到这种题目的时候，考生一般会先把文章看完，有的甚至会翻译一遍，认为全文理解了，选对答案也不在话下。确实这是最靠谱的做法，但是这种情况往往会遇到一个问题，就是考试时间有限，无法在规定时间内读懂文章并且完成题目。所以基础稍微差一些的考生们尽量不要使用这种方法。
解法2：
采用定位的规律
• 题干关键词：commensalism
• 文中定位点：There are three main types ofsymbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism,and mutualism.有三种共生关系：寄生、共生、互利共栖。说的是题干关键词本身的内容，无法对应选项。
• 往后阅读，理论上来说读到这里，就应该能得到答案了，但是先看一下答案选项。
共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用
共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存
共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的
共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的
究竟应该选哪个？
这里有一个小套路，把文章中的内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑：
文章：第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的；意思是，所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。
推理模式：第一个（寄生）和第三个（互利共栖）在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个（共生）是不重要的
所以选C
这个切入点你发现了吗？
但是这样分析题目，有什么实际的意义？这篇文章的核心内容是：希望大家能快读的发现题目中的切入点并且能够解决问题。于是，对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律，比起选出正确答案更有意义：
聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式：第一个（寄生）和第三个（互利共栖）在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个（共生）是不重要的。
这个推理模式叫做反义推理，是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式，并且在细节题、否定事实信息题和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常使用。反义推理的核心来自于归约，意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候，在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。
让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that mighthave indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid,shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be wind blown silt.
4．Which of the following can beinferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
•It did not contain any marine fossil.
•It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
•It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
•It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
解析：
一样的套路
• 题干关键词：the solid gypsum layer
• 文中定位点：Sediment above and below the gypsumlayer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
• 利用反义推理：在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石→石膏层不包含海洋化石
所以选A
而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后（例如整体是【A,B,C】, 文中说AB重要则C不重要，AB有东西则C没有），将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单：
【Paragraph 2】Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization concealsa host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano ororgan to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances,spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate auralpresentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi(narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musicalcompositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the UnitedStates. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of TheBattleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austriancomposer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image;the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wideinternational fame.
5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?
•The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.
•The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.
•Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.
•Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.
解析：
• 题干关键词：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大写字母很容易找
• 文中定位点：In Berlin, for the premiereperformance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film directorSergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on amusical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live musichelped to bring the film its wide international fame.
• 利用反义推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前没有演过
所以选A
看上去满满的都是套路啊，你们都get到了吗？
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