托福写作Details支持Opinions的常见方法

本期新通教育西安托福写作老师王欢将为同学们讲解托福写作Details支持Opinions的常见方法，希望能给同学们带来帮助。

Details其实可以认为是Opinions的解释，即论据。那么我们一起看下details适合支持你的观点的方法。

1)列举分类

列举分类是说明文、议论文最常见也是最容易的段落拓展方法之一。其主题句往往具有明显的提示性，即出现复述名词的频率很高。比如主题句含有measures, types, categories, ways, methods, solutions等词，宜用列举方式发展段落，如出现kinds, types, categories等词，宜用分类方式来发展段落。

Since the beginning of this year, the levels of air pollution in Beijing have been dangerously high, with thick clouds of smog chasing people indoors, disrupting air travel, and affecting the health of millions. The past two weeks have been especially bad -- at one point the pollution level measured 40 times recommended safety levels. Authorities are taking short-term measures to combat the current crisis, shutting down some factories and limiting government auto usage. However, long-term solutions seem distant, as China's use of coal continues to rise, and the government remains slow to acknowledge and address the problems.

(1).The traffic problems in this city can be solved in the following three ways.

(2).In our school, there are two commonly used tests to evaluate student’s overall ability.

(3).There are different groups of people who are working out in gyms.

(4).With the popularization of the Internet, the way we acquire knowledge becomes more diverse and flexible.

2)举例论证

举例论证是议论文中常见的论证方法。使用这种方法，要使用高质量、贴切到位的例子。整个段落用一个例子的情况不是很多，举例论证通常跟其他论证方法混合使用来证明一个观点，且多出现在次要的支持句中。

举例论证包括：事实举例;数据举例;假设举例;引用举例

举例论证的注意事项：举的例子不超过2句话;少用或者不用中国谚语;例子要能够论证观点且引起读者共鸣;假如有读者陌生的例子，则可用括号，定语从句，或者同位语短语解释。

Learning is more effective if a lesson or experience is deliberately coupled with time spent thinking about what was just presented, a new study shows. In “Learning by Thinking: How Reflection Aids Performance,” a team of researchers from HEC Paris, Harvard Business School, and the University of North Carolina describe what they call the first empirical test (有根据的 adj.)of the effect of reflection on learning. By “reflection,” they mean taking time after a lesson to synthesize, abstract, or articulate the important points.

3)因果论证

因果论证(cause and effect)是除列举外最常见的论证方法。如果主题句是以“因”出现的话，那么论证往往可以从“原因”来入手;相反，如果主题句式以“结果”出现的话，那往往可以从“结果”来讨论;也有的主题句并没有很明显的区分。

写作方法：

1.表示原因和结果的逻辑引导词与状语从句：Due to / because of /owing to / thanks to/ Because, as, since, for, so Therefore/as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence/ hence/thus

2.表示原因结果的短语：(A导致B)A cause B/ A leads to B/ A result in B, A gives rise to B/ A contributes B/ A accounts for B/A is accountable for B/ A is responsible to B(B是由A引发的) B is caused by A/ B results from A, B is owed to A, B is attributed/ attributable to A

3.伴随状语表示结果：American people are allowed to possess guns, contributing to a high percentage of campus shootings.

4.非限制定从表原因： The rainforests are shrinking at an alarming rate, which is mainly caused by human activities.

Yet, perhaps the strongest argument in favor of preserving endangered species is that all life has intrinsic value; even if endangered species are not useful to use in any practical way they should be preserved nevertheless. Further, given that we humans are responsible for destroying the natural habitat of many endangered animals(原因分析), we should make every possible effort to save them. (Also, because we people are destroying the homes of many rare animals species, we should try to save them.)

4)对比与比较

比较(comparison)往往是比较两种事物之间的相似之处;而对比(contrast)则是比较两种事物的不同之处。当主题句中出现两种事物的时候，既可以使用比较和对比法来拓展段落。

I prefer living the city center to living in the suburbs. Living in the city, we can save a lot of time on commuting, but if we live in the suburbs, we have to get up much earlier in order not to be late for work. While some may argue the city center is too noisy to live in, it provides great life convenience. We are within easy reach of different leisure facilities. In contrast(对比比较), the suburban life makes it hard us to get access to various forms of entertainment, namely less fun. When it turns to safety issue, the city center is definitely a better choice due to better neighbor watch and frequent police presence.

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