GRE写作Argument的最佳打开方式

同学们都知道我们的GRE写作部分有两项考察形式：Issue与Argument。

Issue更侧重于构建自己的论证，而Argument则是需要考生对已有的论证进行评价，看其是否合乎逻辑。虽然两部分看起来是独立的，但实际上都是对于论证能力的一种综合考察。

今天给大家讲一篇文章，告诉大家argument全篇的最佳打开方式。

下面是题库中的13题：

In an attempt to improve highway safety，Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago：increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

文章分析

The author concludes that Prunty County（PC）should replicate road improvement project of Butler County (BC) in order to improve highway safety. （文章结论）The conclusion is drawn based on the hypothesis that BC decreased the number of accidents last year owing to institution of road improvement five year ago. （文章论据或假设）However, the argument has scarce evidence to prove the validity of this recommendation.（你的评论）

At first, citing that the accidents have not decreased（引文）, the author intends to show failure of speed limits from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways.（推论） However, no decline of accidents does not inevitably mean that the severity of accidents has not decreased. （分析）For example, people had drove cars in the speed limit of 60 miles per hour, they began to slow down to the speed limit of 40 miles per hour. Consequently, once they crashed a pedestrian, the severity of pedestrian injury would possibly lessen from bone fracture to scratch. （分析的细节，也就是反例）Hence, to substantiate futility of decline in the speed limit, the author should present information concerning severity situation of accidents before and after this change. Looking over accident reportsin PC can strongly explain it. （出招解决，以及怎么解决）

In addition, many drivers are surpassing the speed limit (引文), but readers will still cast doubt on whether “many drivers” stand for most drivers and whether they have slowed down compared with before.（推论的两点分析） If they constitute a small portion of all drivers, it does not indicate failure of the speed limit because most drivers are stillobeying the regulation. Even if most drivers are driving over the speed limit, they drive from 65mph to 50 mph, which means they do not drive as fast as they used to.（两点分析的细节，也就是反例） Therefore, before PC learns from BC, PC should clarify the accurate number of drivers for speeding and their concrete driving speed after change of speed limit. These pieces of evidence can be obtained from monitor records and speeding files in PC.（出招解决，以及怎么解决）

Even if speed limit policy of PC is in vain（与上一段的逻辑承接）, the author implies that because BC had implemented road improvement initiative five years ago（引文）, it successfully decreased accidents this past year than five years ago（引文）. （两个引文之间的关系，即：两者关系的分析） So the author employs this hypothesis to justify success of road improvement if speed limit reduction is not advisable.（对上一句的重复） However, firstly, the argument mentions fewer “reported” accidents, so it is doubtful whether reported accidents are all accidents. In fact, the accidents this past year were even more than those five years ago owing that limited funding resulted in fewer police patrolling streets，therefore，BC intentionally hid the actual number of accidents to disguise dereliction of duty. Secondly, even if it did have 25 percent fewer accidents，it did not surely represent significant drop because five years ago there might be only several accidents. As a result, 25 percent fewer might refer to one or two cases. Lastly, the most important issue is that the correlation between accident decrement and road improvement might not have causal relationship. There duction in the number of accidents might be caused by monitor installment on the roads and tougher punishment for speeding and DUI (driving under the influence). （分析的细节，也就是反例）Accordingly, to clarify whether the road improvement is efficacious to bring fewer accidents, the author should give more evidence including real number of accidents and other reasons why accidents decreased. （出招解决）

Assuming that BC has successfully reduced accidents because of road improvement（与上一段的逻辑承接）, the author commits a false analogy that PC can bring the same result as BC. （推论）He or she naively assumes that two counties have the same road condition. （分析）If road lanes in PC have already been wide，highways are paved well，and police patrol at intersections can efficiently reduce the density of cars and pedestrians, this policy is not apt for PC to drop the number of accidents. Even though there are the same reasons of accidents in PC and BC, this new plan needs the support of government funds, such as hiring some workers and buying paving machines to pave highways, sending morepolice to dangerous intersections. Unfortunately, PC’s government does not have sufficient budget to make this change. （分析的细节，也就是反例）Consequently, offering more reports concerning the differences of road and financial situation between two citiesare essentially necessary to assess rationality of recommendation.  （出招解决）

Decreasing accidents and improving city’s safety are the responsibility of city government, and BC’s road improvementmight be a recommendable solution to road problems of PC. （夸文章结论）The author should demonstrate more evidenceto ensure that PC can yield the same result by road improvement. （但要加证据）

在argument当中，有几个问题需要和大家重点强调一下：

1. 关于字数和段落：以上文章写的字数和段落比较多，如果想拿到3分，中间展开2段，这2段250词左右就好了；如果想拿4分，中间展开2-3段，这2-3段300词左右就好。如果想拿高分，4分以上的话，思路丰富，字数肯定要多一些。

2. 关于语言：3分对语言没要求；4分表达清晰即可，语言不用太高级。但4分以上的语言一定是精炼准确的。

3. 关于反例：反例只要符合常识即可，没有唯一答案。

4. 关于开头和结尾：3-4分没时间可以不写，但要争取更高的分数最好写出来。

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