雅思阅读同义词替换是“送分题”还是“送命题”？

雅思学术类阅读一个小时3篇文章，文本长度在2800-3500字之间。虽然中国雅思考生总体阅读平均成绩已经攀升到6.15分，引领4项分数。然而如果想突破7分，一个必须攻克的障碍就是如何在压力阅读之下迅速抓住句子的最重要传输的内容。

首先大家来“对号入座”，看看你阅读中有没有下列的问题：

雅思阅读长难句归类

一、加复杂修饰的简单句例：

At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched(炎热的，干旱的) deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular(细胞的) fluids. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 3)

二、并列句

如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，最常见的并列连词有and, or 和but。

例：An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy(星系), but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated (衰减的)while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.(剑9 Test 1 Passage 2)

三、各种从句

从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。从句可以分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。

前四类从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句;定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句;而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。

例：Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 2)

四、插入语结构

插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。

例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation(混响，反射) control for school rooms. (剑9 Test 2 Passage 1)

五、后置定语修饰成分多

例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (5A0102)

六、倒装结构及其他

在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和汉语一致，即主语在前;另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。

阅读中一般会出现以not only等否定连词和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。

例：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.

如何解决长难句呢？

要有意识地分析每个句子的主干结构：比如“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着鲜嫩碧绿的青草”。这个句子基本可以浓缩为：小绵羊在吃草。

层次化的思想

1. 用括号匹配的方法变成若干简单句的集合；平时练习的时候有意识的把可以识别出来的修饰和从句用括号扩起来；

2. 对于每一个简单句来说，任何一个简单句可以变成基本句型和非主干成分。前者可以直接转换成为中文。

非主干成分

如果是定语，前置理解；

如果是同位语或插入语，删除；

如果是状语，隔离看主句。

雅思阅读中，学会找到题干与文章中出现的同义替换关系是必不可少的技能，下面我们看看在雅思阅读中常见的替换的几种情况，比如近义词转换，语态变化，上下义转换，连接词替换等等。

1.近义词转换 :

（C10T1P2）原文：

Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase.

Q.22题目：

The needfor transport is growing, despite technological developments.

题目中的need 表示需求，如果题刷得足够多的烤鸭会一下子反应过来，need最常见的替换就是requirement, 两个单词经常会被用来互相替换。

这一题说的是尽管技术发展了，人们对于交通运输的需求仍然在增长。我们看到原文中的requirement也是在持续增长，正好能够对应上，那么这道题的答案就应当是T。

2.词性转换 :

原文：

Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.

题目要求：

Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.

题目：

To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.

这个Summary题目中的空格前的conventional 和原文当中的conventions既是一对典型的词性转换形式。

考生即使对于conventional这个词不熟悉也可以根据词性转换的原则定位到原文相关的地方，对应到相应的答案the conventions of discourse structure。

根据题目要求，答案的词数限定为两个词，因此答案为discourse structure。

3.语态转换 :

填空题no more than two words ：

T: It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they do not use radio waves.

Q: Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because ____ are not used in their navigation system.

are not used – not use，

所以容易判断出答案为radio waves。

4.连接词的同义转换 :

（C7T7P2）原文出题句：

It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.

填空题：

He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both _____ and _____.

聪明的同学一看到both ... and 的并列连接关系与文中的as well as 表示“也”的连接词，就能够轻松填出“consumers”和“farmers”这两个正确答案。

这道作为考点的题简单且清晰，让考生能轻松获分。

5.上下义词转换 :

上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明（共性）；下义词是对事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明（个性）。

例如：

fruit(上义词)-apple, oranges, strawberry（下义词）

fruit是一个比较广泛的概念，这里被称作上义词；

apple, oranges, strawberry是具体的品种，可以称作下义词。

(C10T1P1)原文：

During their heyday, they were places of gathering of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes.

题目：

Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.

我们可看到题目中出现a range of functions,一系列的功能，是一个比较概括的词组，可以算作原文中gathering of leisure, relaxation and of worship的上义词，也就是说水井的一系列功能包括供人们休闲，放松和祭祀。

提高雅思阅读，有效识别雅思阅读中的替换，除了背诵同义词替换词汇，还要了解考官出题的手段。

从本质上去了解考官会怎么出题，这样才能保证短时间真正学习。

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