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浅析托福阅读推理推断题找“对象”的妙用

2021-01-12

栏目:考培资讯

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导语:

其实在推理推断题中,隐藏着帮助我们做题的“对象”找到它,就是解题关键!

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快过年了,很多人家里又再催促找对象,带对象回家。相信很多小伙伴应付这个问题已经是焦头烂额了。再回头望望准备的托福考试,哇~的一声哭出来~
 
在托福阅读中,推理推断题绝对是最让大家感到心力交瘁的题型了:文字花花一片全无线索,选项一摸一样只靠摸索。同样的一句话,咋还能理解出花呢?原文好像说出了答案,但是选项又要靠我们的推断。难为的广大考生最后的推断题都做成了“懵猜”题。推理推断题像极了女朋友出的一道道“送命题”。
 
其实在推理推断题中,隐藏着帮助我们做题的“对象”找到它,就是解题关键!
 
首先让我们来回顾一下什么是‘推断题’
推断题的出题形式非常多样,但是常见的出题形式按照出现频率可以总结如下: 
1. Which of the following can be inferred about X? 
2. The author of the passage implies that X . . .
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X? 
 
从题干中infer, imply中我们就可以看出,推断题的答案需要我们自己‘推理’出来,在原文中没有直接的答案。但是怎么推?往哪里推?推多远?又成为了新的难点。很多学生在这里会习惯‘过度推断’,推的‘天马行空’错的‘五花八门’。
 
为了解决这个难题我们先来看一个中文的例子:
 
现在城市中养猫的人群正在兴起,逐渐改变了以往狗多猫少的情况。其中原因有很多,首先,比起养狗,养猫更加方便。猫咪几乎没有体味,不需要遛,也不需要经常洗澡:猫会自己“洗澡”。与狗不同,它们的唾液有很强的清洁力。
 
关于狗的唾液,我们能推断出什么结论?
A. 它们的唾液比人类的沐浴液更有清洁力。
B. 狗的唾液没有清洁力。
C. 动物的唾液都有清洁力。
D. 因为可以用唾液自我清洁,所以狗的一生不需要洗澡
 
题读完了,我们来讲做题思路。熟悉托福的考生们肯定都知道,托福阅读就是靠“定位”。推断题也是一样。但是“定位词”不是乱找的。很多时候它就藏在题干里。
这道题中提到了“狗的唾液”,说明我们在文中要找的句子一定和“狗”和“唾液”有关!
回到原文,我们发现包含这两者的句子就是最后一句:与狗不同,它们的唾液有很强的清洁力
好的!接下来!就是万众期待的“找对象”环节了!
在这个句子里,描述的对象总共有两处:一个是“狗”;一个是“它们”通过上下文我们可以得知这里的“它们”就是猫猫们;
原句在这里做了一个猫狗们的唾液的对比:它们 – 猫 – 的唾液有清洁力,而狗没有
所以关于‘狗的唾液’我们可以推断出一个方向就是它们的唾液没有很强的清洁力。
 
现在我们来看选项验证:
A里出现了和“人类沐浴露”的对比 - 超出了定位句的“对象”范围 不选
B里就是 狗狗 和 唾液清洁力 - 符合对象 待定
C里出现了“动物”- 超出了“对象”范围 排除
D里是 狗狗 和 唾液 - 看起来也很符合 但是! 这里说的是狗的唾液有清洁力和原文不符
 
所以最后我们的答案就是B选项啦!
这里我们可以看到 确定了“对象”对我们解题的重要性!

那么理解了思路之后我们来看真题中的应用吧!

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. (TPO2-2)
 
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? 
 
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
 
很多考生一看到这么长的段落已经有点头蒙,看到是infer这个单词更是直接两眼一闭,嘿呀!盲选一个答案拉倒。不要紧张!按照我们之前的解题思路:找“对象”呀!
 

首先我们从题干中找到定位词:“sea otters”回到原文 发现文中出现sea otters 的地方在段落的中间: However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds …; unlike一个介词必然引导的只是一个修饰句子,后面肯定还有完整的主句,顺着这句话往下读会发现一个很长的括号,直接忽略,再往下发现逗号后面的另外一个句子,那这就是我们的主句了, 里面出现了一个新的对象: whales(如图示)。看一下整个句子会发现这个句子和上面的中文例子很像:unlike sea otters and pinnipeds, it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like 都是在做对比。(在这里otters 和pinnipeds是被and连接 说明是并列的关系,为了简化说明不造成困扰,后面就省去pinnipeds)那我们也可以得出一个大胆的猜测:答案肯定是围绕 sea otters 和 whales 的长相的! 

222.png

来看选项:
A.不难想象otters 的长相           符合!
B.数量很多  超出了“对象”范围    排除
C.只生活在海里 超出了“对象”范围 排除
D.没有很多化石 超出了“对象”范围 排除
 
综上,我们就可以得到正确的答案:A啦
 
下面我们再来练一道!
Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. (TPO6-2)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
 
这道题是一道5星难度题,一半的学生被段落的长篇幅和推理推断这个概念唬的五迷三道,挣扎了半天,最后缴枪投降。但是如果运用我们今天讲的思路,这道题也可以直接秒杀。
首先看题干找定位发现是: canal building 
回到原文找到是在文中的第一句:This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.
这句话中的对象出现了两个:steam locomotive 和 canal building (如图示)

222.png

这句子是说在火车之前,河道的修建处于自己的高峰。又是一个明显的对比关系,我们可以大胆的推测:答案必然和‘河道修建的发展’有关。既然火车出现之前是高峰,那么我们可以合理的推测在火车出现之后,河道的修建就走了下坡路了。
来看选项:
A C D里面都出现了新的“对象”和原文不符 就可以直接排除掉啦~
最后B选项我们来验证一下:
运河的修建减少了在蒸汽火车被发明之后
 
完美的对应了我们的推测!推理推断题就这样做出来啦!

 

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