浅谈‘逻辑法’在托福阅读‘修辞目的题’中的应用

2013-09-06

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导语：

托福阅读十大题型可分为三个大的种类，即：Basic Comprehension（基础理解类—注重基础细节理解），Inference（推理类—注重逻辑关系把握），Reading to learn（全文类—注重全文信息结构把握）。今天我们就来探讨一下，逻辑关系在解决‘修辞目的题中的具体应用。详细资讯欢迎来电！海曙中心咨询电话：0574-87076033 江东中心咨询电话：0574-87736833

托福阅读阅读逻辑托福考试

托福阅读十大题型可分为三个大的种类，即：Basic Comprehension（基础理解类—注重基础细节理解），Inference（推理类—注重逻辑关系把握），Reading to learn（全文类—注重全文信息结构把握）。其中Rhetorical Purpose（修辞目的题）题型隶属于‘推理类’分类，于是可知，‘修辞目的题’同样也是一种讲究逻辑关系的题目。今天我们就来探讨一下，逻辑关系在解决‘修辞目的题中的具体应用。

话题一：什么是‘修辞目的题’？

这个名词听起来无比诡异，对于初学者如坠五里雾里。殊不知，我们国内汉语考试也考到过‘修辞目的题’。我们来看看：

Passage Excerpt：（鲁迅-秋夜）

在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。
　　这上面的夜的天空，奇怪而高，我生平没有见过这样奇怪而高的天空。他仿佛要离开人间而去，使人们仰面不再看见。然而现在却非常之蓝，闪闪地睒着几十个星星的眼，冷眼。他的口角上现出微笑，似乎自以为大有深意，而将繁霜洒在我的园里的野花草上。

问题：为什么作者文中会写到‘墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树’？

这下大家知道了，原来托福阅读的‘修辞目的题’就是我们一直很熟悉的汉语中的‘行文思路题’。换言之，‘修辞目的题’的本质就是：关注作者构架文章的思路和信息之间的逻辑关系的一种问题。于是这也就决定此类题，单独理解细节信息是不足以正确解题的，还要准确的把握细节信息之内或直接的逻辑关系。

话题二：托福阅读‘修辞目的题’的识别？

在托福阅读中，此类‘修辞目的题’如何出现呢？有同学会提出，既然是‘目的题’，所以只要题目含有‘why, the purpose, in order to…’等表示目的的词，就可以判断是‘修辞目的题’了。其实这个回答是不准确的，因为‘基础理解类’的‘事实信息题’也会含有这些词，而且解题方法完全不同。通过话题一，我们已经知道‘修辞目的题’的本质（即：作者构架文章的思路和信息之间的逻辑关系），所以判断修辞目的题真正的标志：提问对象以作者和文章为中心，询问目的和行文思路，即：

Why does the author mention XXX?

The passage mentions XXX in order to____

What is the purpose of the author to mention XXX?

How does the author present the information in the passage?

The author explain the term xxx by____

The organization of the paragraph 3 is ____

话题三：修辞目的题逻辑法的应用

既然我们已经知道，修辞目的题考察的就是行文思路和逻辑关系，所以我们在本系列文章中的第一篇所学到的逻辑关系就可以使用了。

①因果关系

②同理类比

③正反对比（转折）

④并列/递进

⑤总分关系

⑥举例关系

解题顺序：

1. 阅读题目要求，识别修辞目的题

2. 阅读选项，预先了解可能出现的逻辑关系

3. 回原文阅读含有‘问题词’的句子，句内寻找前四类逻辑关系。

4. 如果单句内不存在与选项对应的句内关系，阅读前后各两句，寻找句间关系（六种都有可能）

5. 如果还是没有逻辑关系对应选项，问题一般对应‘主题式总分’关系，换言之，答案一般为本段中心或本文中心。

真题展示：

Paragraph 3： Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. （摘自OG-Swimming Machines）

1. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?

○To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other

○To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are

○To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies

○To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes

逻辑解题应用：

通读选项后，回原文含有‘问题词’（即Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight）的位置，关注单句内部逻辑，发现无局内逻辑与选项对应；但是发现句内有逻辑标志词for the same reason。进而，扩大阅读范围到本句前两句，可知本句与前句When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.为同理类比关系，作为日常生活‘飞机起落架’的例子，来解释文中专业知识—即鱼类鳍的回收。于是，对应答案D。

Paragraph 1：Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.（摘自OG-Expression of Emotions）

2. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to

○Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it

○Support Darwin's theory of evolution

○Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood

○Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions

逻辑解题应用：

通读选项后，回原文含有‘问题词’（即Baring the teeth in a hostile way）的位置，关注单句内部逻辑，发现无句内逻辑与选项对应。进而，扩大阅读范围到本句前后各两句，根据语义，可知本句与前面的It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal为总分/举例关系，Baring the teeth in a hostile way作为具体例子/论据，来支持It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal。于是，对应答案C。

Paragraph 3： The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the
Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

3. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?

○To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains

○To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation

○To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains

○To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States

逻辑解题应用：

通读选项后，回原文含有‘问题词’（即In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.）的位置，关注单句内部逻辑，发现无句内逻辑与选项对应；但是发现逻辑标志词in addition。进而，可知本句与前面的Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States为递进关系，40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle作为具体例子进一步说明‘Ogallala water对于高原经济的影响’，于是，对应答案C中的another example。

Paragraph 2： One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were
forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.

4. Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?

○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks

○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux

○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces

○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations

逻辑解题应用：

通读选项后，回原文含有‘问题词’（即Bushmen in South Africa）的位置，关注单句内部逻辑，发现无句内逻辑与选项对应。进而，扩大阅读范围，由后句的逻辑标志词however可知本句与后面的Cave paintings in France and Spain为正反对比关系。于是，对应答案B。

Paragraph 2：If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.

5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?

○To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record

○To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous

○To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous

○To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster

逻辑解题应用：

通读选项后，回原文含有‘问题词’（即dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared）的位置，关注单句内部逻辑，发现无句内逻辑与选项对应。进而，扩大阅读范围，由前句的逻辑标志词because可知‘问题词’对应的内容it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs.与the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists为因果关系。于是，对应答案C。

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