同词汇题一样，事实细节题在托福阅读中占据了相当大的比重。能否做好细节题在很大程度上决定了同学们的阅读分数档次。然而，细细品味，托福事实细节题的玄机并不复杂，只要掌握了其出题原理，辅以阅读能力，答案自然呼之欲出。今天，我们来聊聊否定事实细节题的解法。
初步了解
否定事实细节题(Negative Factual Information questions)，主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些与文章内容无关信息的能力。其常用的出题形式为：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings xxx, except xx?
在读题时，同学们要注意问题中的否定词NOT和EXCEPT，以防止冤错。
基本思路
否定事实细节题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，选出的选项有如下特征：
1. 无中生有的选项。该选项在原文中完全没有提到。
2. 与原文相矛盾的选项。该选项通常都会出现原文词汇或者原文的替换词，但是意思要么完全相反，要么张冠李戴，要么添油加醋。
具体做法
通常这类题的形式有集中列举和分散列举两种。
集中列举的形式相对较为简单，通常是选项连续出现。对于集中列举，我们只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除与原文相符合的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。
分散列举的各项可能出现于几个段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，我们需要根据题干或选项定位原文，通过扫读和略读快速对应原文选出正确答案。
我们来看一道例题：
1 The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. 2 These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. 3 An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. 4 A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. 5 The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. 6 The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. 7 Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. 8 Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. 9 A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. 10 It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT
A. the capacity to create shade
B. leaves containing tannin
C. the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire
D. the large number of acorns the tree produces
该题目要求在一个段落中选出对oak tree的长寿没有帮助的选项，因此该题为集中列举。以longevity作为关键词，定位至本段第二句话的are long-lived。再从该句开始阅读，依次找出具体特征：
1. 根据第四句话的outcompeting all other would-be trees by casting a dense shade对应至A选项；
2. 根据第六句话的the tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity对应至B选项；
3. 根据第七句话的Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. 确定D选项与原文矛盾，应选出；
4. 保险起见，我们依旧找到第八句话的it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire对应至C选项。由此，我们便可以确定D选项为正确答案。
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新通石室北美留学考试项目教师。主讲托福考试、雅思考试及双语物理课程。深谙留学考试出题思路，全面教授解题技巧和备考策略。强调在英语能力提高的同时，引导学生找到属于自己的思考方式与学习方法。所教授学员学习最高达50分，总分最高达108分。 |
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| 【成功案例】 | |
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学生入学时托福只取得62分的成绩，听力分数最佳，口语和写作表现其次，阅读则为主要失分点。通过“专项突破+查漏补缺”的教学方式，学生在两个月的冲刺后有了巨大的进步，总成绩提升32分，取得了94分的好成绩，成功被美国专业排名第二的大学录取。 |
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