教师解惑：雅思托福写作学习重点解析

雅思大作文和托福的独立写作部分都是议论文，而且一般话题内容是针对当下热门的社会话题以及与学生生活和学习相关的考题。这部分的写作会成为考生在备考中要重点学习和练习的内容。

我们都知道，写作的基本要素就三点：结构+内容+语言。对于雅思托福的初学者来说，在短期内学会写作结构框架是相对比较轻松的，但是对于文章的内容，特别是主体段的内容扩写还是比较有挑战的。一般情况下，对同学们来说，雅思托福写作段落扩展之困惑主要有两点困惑：一是 有论点无论据；二则是有论据无语言。

一、重点解惑

下面让我们一一解决这两个困惑。

首先，关于有论点无论据：下面是一个主体段的中心句子，很多同学面对这样的中心句子，不知道该如何扩展成一段非常说服力，非常充实的段落。

First, for high school students, excelle

nt academic grade is a prerequisite when they long for the admission of an expected university.

其次，关于有论据无语言：如下是一个托福学生写作文章中截取的段落片段。大家可以深深的体会到：意思都看的懂，但就是觉得这个段 “不咋的”

Firstly, doing sports is good for teenagers’ body. And after they get full exercise, students won’t worry if they will get sick in the bad weather. Because of doing exercise, their body immune system is better than before and they can away from illness. Do you have same experience? That is after some exercise, you can get out of stress and bad movement, then you are easier to fall in sleep. When you wake up , you have more positive energy to start a new day study. Thus, I think sports and social activities are also important.

解决方案：了解写作主体段段落构成及段落扩展常用方式。

段落的构成：

Topic sentence + supporting sentences + concluding sentence （optional）

解析：

A. 段落的第一个句子一般都是中心句，中心句一定要符合概括性和简性原则。

B. 支持句一般都2句以上组成，可用如下几种方法进行，也是段落扩展的主要部分。

C. 总结句可选择性的写。对于概况能力较弱的学生来说可省去。

段落扩展的方式：

Supporting sentences: explanation/examples/ extension/assumption/ contrast

解析：

A. 好多学生在扩展理由段的时候都是意识流的写，想到哪儿写到哪儿，甚至走题跟中心句子或是文章主题脱离了关系都没感觉。

B. 另外有些学生会写理由句（中心句），但是接下来就没话说了，导致论证不充分，字数严重不够。

因此，学好段落扩展非常重要。主要有：

1) Explanation:　中心句子较抽象时，可先对其做个解释，也就是换句简单的话再解说一次。有时候也总在举例当做。

2) Example: 这个一般学生都会。写不出论据了就example 一下，当然要跟中心主题密切相关，这样才能convincing。

3) Extension: 当中心句可分多个情况阐述时，可用此方法（此方法包括assumption 和contrast）。具体见例文。

4) Assumption：此方法可用来“凑字数”并能达到很好的强化主题句作用。如段落中写到广告的好处之一是带来很多信息。反之，假设没有广告，人们会面临的问题。这就是assumption。

5) Contrast： 有点类似于assumption。不过它一般基于事实（现在和过去的对比、题目中2个事物的对比），不是假设。如段落里讲述到现在有了广告的好处是带来信息。反之，之前没有广告，人们就没有那么多信息来源。

 二、例题解析

划横线部分为 可参考的书面语

参考段落一

•       One of the main functions of advertising is to assist consumers to find and buy suitable products.

•       第一句： Common knowledge is that advertising refers to presenting information related to a product or service by a variety of media, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines and brochures. (Explanation)

•       第二句： With the presence of advertising, a consumer is able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as properties of a product or service, and thereby make a wiser buying decision. (example)

•       第三句： By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of insufficient knowledge of better alternatives in the market.   (contrast)

解析：本段是对广告的一个主要功能进行具体的描述---帮助消费者找到并买到合适的产品。

在给出中心句子之后，作者先对中心句子里“广告”的功能先进行具体的解释，在解释中包含了举例；第二句和第三句开头就已经很明显的提示读者在“对比”—就有广告的意义和无广告的意义进行深入的剖析。虽仅只有三句话，但是很自然很顺利的道出了中心句子的意义。

 参考段落二

First of all, the Internet brings people a sea of information in a short time. When people get on the Internet, they will find that they are overwhelmed by tons of information. （解释中心句子）For example, they can find thousands of entries about a research topic like: the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer” by using the search engine Google.（举例） It is like a dream come true for most researchers or students. （对例子概括）Before such technology was invented, people had to spend days or weeks in different libraries. Now with the Internet, doing research is a piece of cake, in terms of finding information. （时间上的对比）

 参考段落三

•       To start with, television has as much coverage of knowledge as books.

•       Television nowadays has been divided into specific channels. （解释中心句子）We have sport channel which exclusively focuses on physical activities and reports sport events; （举例1）we can keep tracks of the latest news around the world on 24-hour news channel. （举例2）Programs for kids have added more introductions of life skills to the naive ones; （举例3）discovery channel bring us to explore the unknown world. （举例4）Also, one can enjoy the lectures on live which discuss humanities like archeology, art and alike. （举例5）To put it simply, We can freely fix on a certain television which meets our appetite most. （对例子总结）Days are gone when television shows were simply designed to amuse the public; Today's programs are more into the scientific areas that satisfy people's curiosity and have successfully imparted knowledge of all kinds to audience. （时间上的对比）

 1.有论点有论据（对上面提及的中心句子的扩展）

First, for high school students, excellent academic grade is a prerequisite when they long for the admission of an expected university. It is generally acknowledged that almost all schools require prospective students to provide desirable school grades before giving an offer. For example, I am preparing for the application of the University of Washington. Besides the TOEFL grades and the SAT scores, I have to submit my grade point average which is supposed to be over the three. For this reason, I should study hard and get good grades undoubtedly. Therefore, outstanding performances in adolescents' academic field place them in a favorable position.

 2.有论点也有语言（对上面范文的改写）

Firstly, participating in sufficient sports guarantees better school achievement as well as sound physical well-being. It is generally acknowledged that today’s students have to confront with an increasing amount of pressure from academic performance. In fact,doing regular exercise definitely helps them release their pressure for a while and enable them to concentrate more efficiently on their study. Besides, involvement in sports tends to build up students’ immune system to keep away from daily ailments, including cold and cough. More importantly,appropriate amounts of exercise have desirable effects on our sleeping quality which fills students with full energy to complete a whole day’s task.

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