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※ 要想弄清楚什么是并列结构,先要搞定并列句
并列句是指由并列连词连接的两个或多个分句组成的句子。
那么并列连词都有哪些呢?只有五个!它们分别是:and,but,or,for,so。
and表达联合关系,如:
All things are easy to industry and all things are difficult to sloth.
勤奋事事易,懒惰事事难。
but表达转折关系,如:
Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
蜂蜜好吃,但蜜蜂蜇人。
or表达选择关系,如:
We must redouble our efforts, or we’ll never be able to catch up with the others.
我们必须加倍努力,否则将再也赶不上别人了。
for和so表达因果关系:
We rarely stay in hotels, for we cannot afford it.
我们之所以很少住酒店,是因为我们负担不起。
She is coming here tomorrow, so you might as well come with her.
她明天要来,你可以和她一起来。
是不是特别简单呢,有了并列句作为基础,我们就容易理解并列结构了:并列连词连接两个或多个分句就叫做并列句;若并列连词连接的是两个或多个单词或短语或表达等,就叫做并列结构了。
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比如说:
*“词”的并列
If motorists don’t observe the traffic regulations, they will be stopped, ticketed, and fined.
如果开车人不遵守交通规则,他们将被拦下、贴上标签并处以罚款。
*介词短语的并列
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。
*名词短语的并列
The way (we react to other people), the educational training (we receive) and the knowledge (we display) are all part of our culture heritage.
我们对别人的反应方式,我们所接受的教育培训以及我们所展示出的知识都是我们文化遗产的一部分。
*动词短语的并列
Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles.
湍急的水流冲裂坚硬的盐板,使它们断裂,并且把它们磨碎成卵石状。
*不定式短语的并列
My approach is not to learn everything about something, but rather to learn something about everything.
我的观点不是要追求精,而是要追求博。
以上这些例子都很简单,相信难不倒大家。下面,小编要发大招啦,抛出一个长难句,请你来分析一下这句话的并列连词和并列对象。
There was the determination of an immigrant to gain in the new world what had been denied to him in the old, and on the part of his children an urge to throw off the immigrant onus by still more success and still more rise in a fluid and classless society.
问:找出这句话里的并列对象拢共分几个步骤?
答:第一步:找到并列连接词
第二步:确定连接词后的中心表达
第三步:根据此中心表达往前找对应的表达,即并列对象。
具体分析如下:
① 这句话有一个逗号,逗号后面是and,也就是并列连词;(第一步)
② and后面的on the part of his children是介词短语,不算中心表达,它修饰的是an urge。
③ an urge to throw off the immigrant onus是中心表达,去找前半句中与其对应的表达: the determination to gain what had been denied to him。都是名词+不定式的形式。
翻译:外来的移民有决心在这块新大陆上取得在旧大陆他们被剥夺的一切;而他们的孩子则渴望在这样一个没有阶级差异的自由社会取得更大的成功和进步,以此方式,来摆脱移民的身份。
下面来看几个TPO中的例子吧。
1)The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. (TPO1-1)
找并列对象:先找到并列连词and,然后看and后面的中心表达是“water that cannot”,往前找对应的表达“water that can”。
2)Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. (TPO3-2)
找并列对象:先找到并列连词or,然后看or后面的中心表达是“by switching to crops”,往前找对应的表达“by irrigating”。
3)But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. (TPO1-2)
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找并列对象:先找到并列连词and,然后看and后面的中心表达是“may come to be acted out”,往前找对应的表达“may continue”。
总结:并列结构语法点本身并不复杂,也比较好理解,但它常常会使句子变得很长,让我们望而生畏。很多小伙伴们可能在认知上有一个误区,觉得很长的句子一定很难,其实不然,有些句子虽然长但并不难理解,只要你能读进去。
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